SCHUNCK, photo: ©Aloys Bruggeman
By Beata Bruggeman-Sekowska
Nestled in the southeast of the Netherlands, Heerlen is a captivating city that brings together ancient history, vibrant modern culture and a thriving arts scene. While it may not be as widely known as Amsterdam or Rotterdam, Heerlen offers unique experiences for visitors seeking a city full of character, charm, and surprises. Here’s why this lesser-known destination deserves a spot on every traveler’s list.
1. Ancient Roman Roots and the Oldest Dutch Love Letter
Heerlen’s history stretches back over 2,000 years, showcasing a fascinating Roman heritage. The Thermenmuseum—the only museum in the Netherlands built around an original Roman bathhouse—features ancient Roman walls, floors, and intricate mosaics, offering visitors a window into Roman life in the region. On January 19, 2024, the Thermenmuseum joined the prestigious Canon of the Netherlands network. This national network unites museums and heritage institutions to highlight pivotal moments in Dutch history, underscoring Heerlen’s importance in the Dutch cultural narrative.
A standout artifact at the Thermenmuseum is the oldest known love letter in the Netherlands, inscribed on a pottery shard from the 2nd century. This intimate piece reveals a personal side of Heerlen’s early inhabitants and has become a treasured highlight of Dutch historical heritage.
photo: with permission of Thermenmuseum,
2. Medieval Heerlen: Traces of a Bygone Era
Beyond its Roman history, Heerlen holds a captivating medieval past. The medieval Landsfort Herle, located in the area now known as Pancratiusplein, was a fortified stronghold with a moat, believed to have been built by the counts of Are-Hochstaden. Its defensive wall, one of the oldest recognizable in the Netherlands, featured three gates and two prominent towers: the church tower of Pancratiuskerk and the Schelmentoren, which also served as a prison. The Schelmentoren, a national monument dating back to the 12th century, adds to the city’s medieval charm.
Pancratiuskerk itself, situated in Heerlen’s center on Pancratiusplein, is a national monument dating back to the 10th or 11th century. First mentioned in a 1065 deed from the Church of Toul, it was built under Dirk van Are-Hochstaden and dedicated to Saint Pancratius. Its stone tower, completed in 1394, was part of Heerlen’s medieval defense system, and its interior treasures include the Romanesque sedes sapientiae, a statue of Mary with the child Jesus, a rare piece of medieval religious art.
Pancratiuskerk, photo: ©Sascha Teschner
3. A Rich Mining Heritage
Heerlen’s identity is profoundly shaped by its coal mining legacy, which thrived from the late 19th century until the last mine closed in 1974. This era of booming industry attracted thousands of miners from across Europe, especially from Poland, Slovenia, Italy, and Hungary, whose diverse cultural backgrounds permanently enriched Heerlen’s identity.
Today, the Nederlands Mijnmuseum preserves this important heritage through two unique locations:
• Location 1 (Dr. Poelsstraat 29): Situated in a 1940s-era monumental building, this museum showcases the wealth and transformation brought by the coal industry. Opened in May 2022, it presents the multi-faceted history of mining in a fresh, engaging format. Through vibrant displays spread over four floors, each with a distinct theme, visitors can explore Limburg’s deep coal-mining past—from the industry’s boom in the early 1900s to its decline in 1965. Objects and exhibits reveal the scale and impact of coal on Limburg’s economy and culture, as well as the influence of the mines and church on daily life.
• Location 2 (Schachtgebouw, 1898): This historic shaft and hoisting tower is one of the few remaining physical remnants of Heerlen’s mining era. Visitors can see the original elevator shaft and mining equipment, with knowledgeable former miners and volunteers sharing first-hand stories of underground life. The impressive hoisting machine is also demonstrated, offering a unique glimpse into the rigorous world of coal mining.
Through these two locations, the Nederlands Mijnmuseum vividly captures the dynamic, complex and culturally rich story of Heerlen’s mining past, honoring the city’s history while helping future generations understand its impact.
Mine Museum, photo: ©Sascha Teschner
4. A Hub for Street Art and Urban Culture
Today, Heerlen stands proudly as the Netherlands’ street art capital, blending its historic roots with a dynamic, open-air art gallery feel. Since 2013, the city has embraced mural projects celebrating urban life with vibrant works from both local and international artists. Visitors can explore everything from hidden mini-paintings tucked away in forgotten corners or discreetly above a flower pot, to massive murals that adorn entire building facades. Highlights include the iconic mural “The Stranger” by Brazilian duo Os Gemeos, and the award-winning “De Koolpiet,” which honors Heerlen’s mining history. With these captivating works, Heerlen’s mural walk offers a unique journey through a colorful urban canvas, inviting discovery around every corner.
Graffiti, photo: ©Sascha Teschner
5. The Schunck,Glaspaleis: A Modernist Marvel and Cultural Center
At the heart of Heerlen stands the Schunck also known as Glaspaleis, an architectural gem and landmark of early Modernism, designed by renowned architect Frits Peutz in 1935. Originally conceived as a department store, this striking glass structure is now a vibrant cultural center, housing a library, art gallery, and various community spaces. For architecture enthusiasts, the Glaspaleis is a must-see: it was named one of the world’s 1,000 most important buildings of the 20th century by the International Union of Architects, a prestigious list that includes only 13 structures from the Netherlands. Declared a national monument in 1995, the Glaspaleis is celebrated as one of the most spectacular examples of early modernist design in the country.
This remarkable building also hosts a range of year-round exhibitions, having displayed works by world-renowned artists such as Andy Warhol and Jean-Michel Basquiat. Visitors can enjoy a panoramic view of Heerlen’s city center from its top floor, while also experiencing a masterpiece of Dutch modernist architecture. Located next to the historic Pancratiuskerk at Pancratiusplein, the Glaspaleis remains a symbol of Heerlen’s dedication to art, culture, and architectural innovation.
SCHUNCK, photo: ©SCHUNCK
7. Castles of Heerlen
When in Heerlen, you’ll have the opportunity to explore some of the region’s most stunning castles. Hoensbroek Castle, with parts dating back to 1380, is one of the largest and most beautiful castles in the Netherlands. As a national monument, it offers over forty rooms to explore, many of which are now part of a museum. Another must-see is Kasteel TerWorm, a breathtaking castle hotel and restaurant set in the Geleenbeek valley. Built around 1400, TerWorm Castle has seen six renovations over the centuries, with its current appearance dating from 1890. The castle’s preservation was ensured when local residents protested against plans to turn it into an amusement park in the 1980s, saving this national treasure. Near TerWorm, the ruins of Eyckholt Castle, also a national monument, can be found in the scenic landscape park, offering a glimpse into the past.
Hoensbroek Castle, photo: ©Sascha Teschner
8. Maankwartier (Moon District)
It is a modern urban development in the heart of Heerlen, connecting the city’s north and south. This vibrant district features a new train and bus station, along with a mix of residential, commercial, and entertainment spaces. One of its standout features is the Heliostaat—a striking sun tower with gold-plated Roman numerals and a mirror that reflects sunlight into the building’s darker areas. The district also showcases 89 smaller artworks, each telling a unique story and depicting zodiac signs. Designed by artist-philosopher Michel Huisman, Maankwartier combines Mediterranean-inspired architecture with elements of urban art, making it a dynamic and visually captivating part of the city.
Maankwartier, Heliostat, photo: ©Sascha Teschner
9. Nature Escapes and Outdoor Adventures
Heerlen provides ample opportunities to enjoy nature just a short distance from the city center. For nature lovers, the nearby Brunssummerheide nature reserve offers peaceful landscapes of heathlands, woodlands, and ponds, ideal for hiking, cycling, and bird-watching. The Caumerbeekdal, located within the city, is home to an ancient brook that once supplied water to the Roman Bathhouse. The Aambos, part of the Caumerbeekdal, features a deer park and the historic Oliemolen mill. For those seeking a quiet retreat, the Imstenradebos nature reserve offers stunning views and a chance to spot birds of prey, deer and other wildlife.
Caumerbeekdal, photo: ©Aloys Bruggeman
10. Heerlen’s Vibrant Cultural Venues: A Hub for Theatrical, Cinematic, and Musical Arts
Parkstad Limburg Theaters: With venues in both Kerkrade and Heerlen, Parkstad Limburg Theater is a cultural cornerstone of the region. Designed by renowned architect Frits Peutz, the theater opened its doors in 1961 with a performance of Don Carlos and has since hosted a wide array of internationally acclaimed performances and local talent. Over the years, it has attracted famous artists like the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and prominent figures in both theater and dance. The theater’s commitment to quality programming makes it a vital part of Heerlen’s cultural scene.
Royal Theater: An iconic egg-shaped building dating back to 1938, the Royal Theater is one of the oldest cinemas in the Netherlands and a national monument. Designed by Frits Peutz, it originally housed 1,180 seats and was once the largest cinema in Limburg. Today, it serves as the Spiegel Filmhuis, offering a platform for high-profile film programs, education, and debates. The theater has hosted renowned film festivals and celebrated actors, contributing significantly to the cinematic culture in the region.
Poppodium Nieuwe Nor: A dynamic cultural venue known for its diverse range of music performances, from local talent to international stars. Opened with a new large hall in 2022, the venue now accommodates over 1,000 visitors across two halls. Nieuwe Nor is a vital platform for emerging artists and has seen performances by well-known names across genres, from rock to electronic. It is a popular spot for music lovers of all ages, offering an inclusive environment for discovering new talent and celebrating popular culture.
Kim Wilde world tour at Parkstad Theaters in Heerlen ©Beata Bruggeman-Sekowska
11. A Dynamic Cultural Calendar of Festivals and Events
Heerlen’s calendar is packed with festivals that celebrate its cultural diversity. The Heerlen Jazz Festival brings together musicians and fans from across Europe, filling the city with live jazz performances. The Cultura Nova Festival showcases an eclectic mix of theater, dance, and multimedia art, attracting an audience drawn to innovative and experimental art forms. During the winter, Wintertijd Heerlen transforms the city center into a festive wonderland with seasonal lights, holiday markets, and an ice rink, creating a cozy atmosphere that draws visitors from the region. Carnival in Heerlen is a vibrant celebration with multiple parades, including the largest carnival parade in the Netherlands, held on Sunday. The festivities begin with a unique children’s parade on Saturday and the smiling donkey statue at Pancratiusplein, a symbol of the Heerlen carnival association De Winkbülle, is a must-see. This rotating sculpture was installed in 1992 to mark the 4x11th anniversary, the official start of the Carnival season. The Notorious IBE, one of the longest-running hip hop dance festivals, celebrated since 1998, is a multi-day urban event that brings together dance, music, art, and fashion, creating an immersive cultural experience. This vibrant festival not only showcases top-tier dance battles but also fosters creativity and community, making it a must-visit for hip hop enthusiasts worldwide.
Carnival in Heerlen ©Aloys Bruggeman
Conclusion: Why Heerlen Deserves a Spot on Your Travel List
Whether you’re drawn to history, art, nature, or cultural experiences, Heerlen offers it all. With its ancient Roman sites, medieval landmarks, modern art, and lively festivals, this hidden gem captures the essence of Dutch culture and history in a uniquely inviting way. As a member of the Canon of the Netherlands network, Heerlen continues to play a key role in preserving and promoting the nation’s heritage. Combining old-world charm with contemporary creativity, Heerlen is a city that every traveler should experience.
Author: Beata Bruggeman-Sękowska is an international journalist, TV correspondent, author, chief editor of the international journalism center, Central and Eastern Europe Centre, president of the European Institute on Communist Oppression, and a sworn translator. She has graduated in American culture studies and journalism. She was born in Warsaw, Poland, and also has Armenian ancestry and roots in Lviv, Ukraine. She has been living in Heerlen, the Netherlands, since 2005.
